How Does Buddhism Treat Its Women - 1876 Words

In all areas of life and society the treatment and well being of women have always been challenged. In many religions the role and status of its women are usually overwhelmed by the actions and roles of its men this inequality of religions between male and female allows these feelings and ideology of which sex is superior or inferior to bleed into a society’s culture thus shaping their treatment of their men and women. For Indian women during ancient times their entire lives seemed to be under control; from childhood by their parents, then under the watch of their husbands and as they grow older the hands of their sons. Luckily these women were given a type of out of this lifestyle with the support of Buddhism. Buddhism a philosophy focused on spiritual development towards the true insight of the nature of reality. Buddhism included practices such as meditation as a means of changing yourself in order to develop the qualities of awareness, kindness, and wisdom. So how does buddhism treat its women followers are they also subjected to the same prejudice and oppression that individuals outside of the religion. To answer these questions would be looking at the Buddha himself Siddhartha Gautama or ‘The Supreme Buddha’ was unapologetically open in his belief that women had the same potential and perseverance as men did. As one of the only religious leaders to accept women so fully in his ti me the Buddha s own teachings and thoughts regarding women as equals was outlandish,to theShow MoreRelatedMarriage and Gender Roles Within Married Life815 Words   |  3 PagesTraditionally, marriage is a ritual and ceremony that celebrates the official joining of two people by law. This definition of marriage varies from culture to culture since marriage can be viewed differently for them. The two religions of Hinduism and Buddhism both allow marriages, but have many similarities and differences between them in their wedding ceremonies, in the roles of husband and wife, and in their beliefs on divorce. Wedding ceremonies are often seen as a big deal and is a cherished momentRead MoreKaren Christina Langs The Gnostic Gospel1407 Words   |  6 Pages How do you define women? The perspectives from the past are way different from what we think nowadays. Although there may have some religious and cultures degrade women, the social status of women is becoming higher and higher. Back to the past, the social status of women was very low. They could not even go to school or work outside. According to â€Å"Images of Women in Early Buddhism and Christian Gnosticism†, Karen Christina Lang uses many Buddhist and Gnostic scriptures to examine how people seeRead MoreBuddhism Reflection Paper1010 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Reflection Paper 1: Beliefs of Buddhism In this paper, I have decided to reflect on the beliefs of Buddhism, specifically on one of the oldest surviving branch of Buddhism, which is Theravada. In this reflection paper, I will be discussing how I became a Buddhist, my basic knowledge of Buddhism, the etiquette of being in a temple, what my parents have taught me from a young age. Additionally, I will express my own opinions, views and personal experience specifically on Karma and the 5 PreceptsRead MoreA Relationship Between Monastics And Lay Followers1699 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone who isn’t completely devoted to Buddhism because they aren’t living the monastic lifestyle, obeying all the strict rules set forth in the Sekhiya Dhamma, such as â€Å"with downcast eye will I take a seat amidst the houses† and â€Å"not with too large balls will I make (up my food)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but the Sangha would not thrive without the vital help of lay followers who provide food and resources that monks need to even obey these rules as well as function and practice Buddhism. Even though lay followers are notRead MoreCompare And Contrast Hinduism And Buddhism1629 Words   |  7 Pagesreligions in the world. They evolve from different traditions and customs, as well as practices and values. Two of the most influential religions in the world are Hinduism and Buddhism. Both religions originate from South Asia and are similar in their basic beliefs and practices; though they differ in many aspects. Unlike Buddhism, Hinduism did not have a founder. It generated and expanded through India from 1500 BC and is the third largest religion in the world. It is considered to be a compilationRead MoreHealthcare Provider and Faith Diversity Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagesthis paper we will compare the philosophies of three diverse faiths. The faiths chosen are Islam, Christian Science and Buddhism, and how they compare to Christianity. We will learn about basic beliefs, spiritual perspectives on healing, and the components of healing such as meditation, prayer and other rituals they follow. Furthermore, addressing the importance and perceptive of how to care for a patient with a different faith and cultural view. In the field of nursing we are in constant contactRead MoreThe Holy Book, The Bible, Torah And The Qur An1647 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion man and women have different roles on their distinct spirituality. However, as seen in the society, men have the same superiority over a woman in religion. Major world religions have excessively diminished women to a degree seeing them as simple helpers of the men. In major religions, women do not have a voice in the place of worship, and they are urged to be subordinate to their husbands. The idea of women as helpers is vividly seen in the mainstream society, where women are used as a meanRead MoreCompare Buddhism and Islam1730 Words   |  7 Pagesteach its followers to live life the right way, whose definition varies according to the religion itself. They have some beliefs and practices that distinguish themselves from each other. Some examples are differences and similarities of Buddhism and Islam. Buddhism originated from India, and was founded by Prince Siddharta Gautama, who later came to be known as Buddha, or the enlightened one. Born of a princely caste, he later renounced his comfortable life in search for nirvana. In order to do thatRead MoreBuddhism and Islam Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesits followers to live life the right way, whose definition varies according to the religion itself. They have some beliefs and practices that distinguish themselves from each other. Some examples are differences and similarities of Buddhism and Islam. Buddhism originated from India, and was founded by Prince Siddharta Gautama, who later came to be known as Buddha, or the enlightened one. Born of a princely caste, he later renounced his comfortable life in search for nirvana. In order to do thatRead MoreChristianity And Its Impact On Religion1744 Words   |  7 Pagesfaulty or not. In the modern world that we live in where unity is bigger than ever, we must look beyond our own religious views and study other traditions and philosophies. Specifically, I will be matching up my two favorite, Christianity and Buddhism. Buddhism  is centered upon the life and teachings of Gautama Buddha, whereas Christianity is centered on the Life and Teachings of  Jesus Christ.   Universal peace in times of globalization has become an ever sincerer concern for many organizations, countries

Is Undocumented Alien Illegal Immigration Really A...

When it comes to anything about conflict in immigration there is always a huge debate. There are two sides to every story and both make very good supportive arguments. Some with very compelling statistical reports. But which are true? That’s for you to decide. Is undocumented alien illegal immigration really a national problem? Honestly, I don’t believe either side. There is no definite completely correct reports out there. Both sides exaggerate the data to make it more compelling. But regardless they both sides have very good arguments. One argument is â€Å"Immigration helps to determine the bargaining leverage of the American workers... If you use a form of labor recruitment that bids down the cost of labor, that leaves you to a society where a small number are very, very rich, nobody in the middle, and everyone is left scrambling for crumbs at the bottom.† P.132 Basically that means, with all the undocumented workers it takes away the labor rights to legal citizens. Driving they’re bargaining rights for a higher wage increase to nothing because everyone is replaceable. Which then in turn makes the rich richer, and makes the middle class slip into poverty. Leaving more and more people fighting for livable wages, housing, and a decent life. The other argument is â€Å"They never take into account the contributions that undocumented immigrants make†¦. It would be an economic and social disaster for 11 million people to pick up and leave†¦. Without immigration labor, it would almostShow MoreRelatedUndocumented Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1016 Words   |  5 Pages Immigration When it comes to talking about undocumented immigrants, it can become a touchy subject. Everyone has their own beliefs when conversing about this matter. â€Å"The Center’s preliminary estimate of the unauthorized immigrant population in 2016 is 11.3 million† ( Pew Research Center). And with that, note that number increases every year. The list of liabilities when it comes to entering the United States illegally is outrageous. With this fact, it encourages illegal activityRead MoreWhy Illegal Immigrant Is A Slur By Charles Garcia Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Why Illegal Immigrant is a Slur† written by Charles Garcia, CEO of ALPFA.org – Empowering Latino Leaders, was published on CNN.com on July 6th, 2012. It is an article that argues against the political incorrectness and negative social impacts that the terms â€Å"illegal immigrant† and â€Å"illegal alien† have on the Latino communities and individuals. Garcia describes t hese titles that journalists continually use as â€Å"racially offensive language† (Garcia). However, there are many fallacies that arise inRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Illegal Immigration in the USA1007 Words   |  5 Pages Immigration is an increasingly hot controversy in southern California; there have even been various rallies recently with many supporting a path to citizenship and others arguing that we need to close our boarders and prosecute violators. Immigration is the spotlight not due to money, but because it affects problems like race, the role of government, national identity and change. There are more advantages than disadvantages on supporting illegal immigration and supporting an amnestyRead MoreImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead More The Problem with Immgration to the United States Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesThe Problem with Immgration to the United States The first move stopping immigration decided by Congress was a law in 1862 restricting American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the U.S. The Alien Contract Labor Laws of 1885, 1887, 1888, and 1891 restricted the immigration to the U.S. of people entering the country to work under contracts made before their arrival. Alien skilled laborers, under these laws, were allowed to enter the U.S. to work in new industries. By this time anti-immigrantRead MoreThe Government And Specific Interest Groups Create Public Policies1600 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment and specific interest groups create public policies to solve internal problems and protect their citizens. Public policies can include any action, plan, or rule, which relates to issues of domestic national importance. Once a certain issue becomes a concern for a significant amount of people, it becomes a component of the national agenda, which is what the public wants the government to acknowledge. Many of these problems are addressed because they negatively affect a significant amount of peopleRead MoreEssay on Illegal Immigration and Its Effects on the United States 1334 Words   |  6 PagesMany presidents have promised to increase government regulation on the ongoing cycle of illegal immigration. However, none of them have succeeded in doing so. It does seem to be an impossible task with thousands crossing every day and many of them fooling the U.S. by getting a working visa then never returning back home. Although this task of illegal immigration seems overwhelming the government needs to be more involved by continuing to build border walls, allowing the states to pass laws to checkRead MoreShould Undocumented Immigrants Be Legalized?2032 Words   |  9 PagesShould Undocumented Immigrants be Legalized? Moving to a new place to start anew is hard. Whether it is for school, work, or a desire for a change in lifestyle, many people move and are familiar with the accompanying hardships. But what if the only moving option for your life’s improvement was incredibly difficult, ripped you from family and friends, and, in fact, would label you as a criminal if you took matters into your own hands and set forth for a better life. But still, the typical concernsRead MoreImmigration in the Workplace2277 Words   |  10 PagesScott Westfall Pate 12/9/2010 Research Immigration in the Workplace Over than 10 million illegal immigrants live in the United States, and 1,400 more arrive every day (Katel). Seeing the great economic opportunity in the U.S. immigrants cross the border to work low wage jobs and begin a new life. While illegal immigrants only take up a small 5 percent of the United states workforce, these illegal aliens take up American jobs, threaten national security, and ruin culture because the refuse toRead MoreEssay The Situation for Refugees and Immigrants in the USA1305 Words   |  6 Pagesrates, congested cities, a crippled healthcare system, and national debt skyrocketing out of control have caused America to defend her borders against the influx of immigrants that threaten her already ailing economy. Still, despite all the heightened security measures incorporated in recent decades, a steady stream of immigrants continue to enter the country illegally. The Washington Times reports that there are now close to 20 million illegal immigrants living among us in the United States.(Dinan)

Youre Only Human (Second Wind) - Teen Suicide free essay sample

Billy Joel’s 1985 hit song, ‘You’re Only Human (Second Wind)† may boast an upbeat tempo and a catchy tune, but the message it conveys is much heavier than what the casual listener might perceive its cheerful tune to be expressing. Joel wrote the song, upon request, during a time when the teenage suicide rate was exceptionally elevated. The song was personally influenced by Joel due to the fact, unknown to most, that he himself attempted suicide as a teen. The song’s lyrics are very to the point, yet provide a quite stern contrast to the tune to which they are set. As has been aforesaid, the melody of the song is very cheery and provides a positive musical connotation to the listener. The coupled words, on the other hand, shed light on the darker aspect of what the true message of the song really is. In the song Joel sings to a young teenage man on the brink of bringing his own life to a premature end by jumping from a bridge (this, obviously, being an allusion to the classic film, It’s A Wonderful Life). We will write a custom essay sample on Youre Only Human (Second Wind) Teen Suicide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He reveals to the him all of the negative ramifications that would come about in lieu of his suicide, eventually changing the mind of the young man, to some extent parallel to the plot of the abovementioned motion picture. Joel’s message is one of second chances and self-forgiveness, urging teens to look at all their options before acting on a rash suicidal impulse in a moment of seeming hopelessness. One line in the song states that â€Å"You’re not the only one who’s ever made mistakes, but they’re the only things that you can truly call your own.† The wisdom in these words is about as close to infinite as it gets. Everyone goes through negative situations and most certainly executes poor decisions that end up backing them into an ugly corner, but it is truly the worst of circumstances that bring out the best of a person and tests their resolve whilst further fortifying their resilience all in one fell swoop. Not only do these sticky situations s eem to improve the overall moral fiber of the individual, but additionally they seem to play a vital role in shaping the personality and outlook of the person whom experiences them. Although I have never been suicidal, I can personally vouch for the validity of my preceding statements vis-a-vis adversities shaping the character of the entity. A recent illustration of such in my life immediately comes to mind in this regard – a particularly nasty breakup that I was able to see coming for quite some time leading up to its inevitable transpiration. I grew anxious and progressively more troubled as it neared, fearing the worst once I was no longer in the relationship, but now that I review it in retrospect (which I have found to be a generally truthful ally), I realize that my level of contentment and overall quality of life has been exponentially enhanced since the experience that I dreaded so much finally occurred. This is a paradigm of life is it not? – Unwarranted anxi ety. Joel tries to get many points across in this song, but the overarching message of this work is clear: suicide is NEVER the best option. Taking one’s own life is a permanent solution to a temporary problem and always has negative ramifications that snowball out from the epicenter of the individual’s ended pain and ends up only causing even more hurt in those who loved them, leaving all of the memories of the departed soul in a state of human intestacy within the hearts and souls of those remaining.

External environment free essay sample

Recently I celebrated New Year’s Eve with a good friend – a small business owner in the automotive spray painting industry. We did the usual. Liberal doses of food and alcohol were consumed, and there was no shortage of laughter. During the course of the evening, my friend asked, â€Å"Why it is that some people have an apparent midis touch? † It’s a question I’m often asked. Is it purely luck, or is their success a result of something more cognitive? I responded by saying, â€Å"While luck may play a role, the vast majority of the highly successful business people I’ve met over the past 25 years do one thing in common – and they do it extraordinarily well. They monitor their business environment to predict future market trends. They analyse external forces, such as their competitive environment, economic conditions, technological possibilities, political and legal forces, changes in demographics, seasonal factors, as well as shifts in social behaviour†. We will write a custom essay sample on External environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Basically they engage their crystal ball and they do it much better than most. Needless to say, on New Year’s Day I was feeling a tad lethargic. A restful day; it did, however, give me time to think about our conversation and the various macro-external forces which confronted Australian businesses in 2011. You could say it was a self-inflicted day of reflection. These are just a mere example of what the successful men and women, above, analyse in advance. Of course, not all forces can be accurately predicted in advance. The 2010 New Zealand earthquake disaster is a prime example. Well, what a year it was. There were many challenges presented largely by macro-external forces. Although the mainstream media were reporting that business confidence was on the rise, this clearly, from my consultation with industry, wasn’t the general consensus. Sure there were pockets of our economy which performed well – a notable performer being our seemingly ever-resilient resource sector. Australia’s ASX 200, however, lost ground in the 12-months to December 31, closing at 4745. 20. While retail trade continued to display considerable volatility, as did the automotive sector. Indeed, success in the latter two areas hinged largely around the deployment of discount pricing tactics. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) progressively increased interest rates. Although these were predominantly in 25 basis point increments, they adversely affected consumer confidence when it came to purchasing large ticket items, such as domestic housing as well as non-essential luxuries. However, from a global comparison viewpoint, Australia exhibited very good buoyancy. Our currency, the AUD, had reached a 28 year historic high against the United States Dollar (USD), trading above parity with the greenback for the first time since the currency was initially floated in 1982. No doubt off-shore investment in the AUD was vigorously fuelled by the variance in comparative lending rates between the two countries. The financial attractiveness of imports caught Australian consumers’ attention, stimulated by the AUD’s appreciation. Online shopping, as a result, continued to gain popularity. More consumers than ever before were importing goods directly from off-shore retailers, in the process often avoiding goods and services tax (GST). Not surprisingly, this infuriated domestic retailers, who were not able to offer their customers’ the same loophole. Major retailers including Myer, David Jones and Harvey Norman are now investigating the possibility of enhancing their e-commerce presence, in a bid to alleviate any further sales erosion. They’re also vigorously fighting the federal government in their quest for an even playing field, with this initiative let by billionaire, Gerry Harvey. And Queensland’s peculiar weather patterns caused havoc. With many Central Queensland towns and parts of the Darling Downs being flood ravaged, sadly the recent natural disaster left many people homeless. The cost of damage, as I write, is still mounting by the hour. Needless to say, the building and automotive industries will be the beneficiaries of this tragic twist of fate. South East Queensland wasn’t left unscathed, either. Hail storms caused extensive devastation in parts, keeping insurance companies and panel beaters busy for some time to come. It’s fair to say, while panel beaters and automotive spray painters can look forward to a prosperous 12 months ahead, insurers are likely to be less optimistic about their feasibility over the same period of time. Food for thought: Here are just a number of starter questions which you might like ask yourself: 1. What is likely to happen to my business should the AUD dive back into sub-parity against the USD? 2. If interest rates rise, will this help or hinder my business? Why? 3. Are my competitors’ outperforming me? If so, what exactly are they doing which is making them more successful? 4. Are my competitors’ weak in a particular area? Am I able to capitalise upon this chink in their armour? 5. Is my business sensitive to, or reliant upon, seasonal factors? These might include specific climatic conditions. And, are these seasonal needs likely to transpire? 6. Are there any looming additions or amendments to legislation which could positively or adversely affect my business?

Havisham Essay free essay sample

Discuss how effectively the poet presents nature or time in this way. Carol Ann Duffys Havisham is a monologue spoken by Charles Dickenss character Miss Havisham from Great Expectations. Jilted by her scheming fiance, Havisham continues to wear her wedding dress and sits amid the remains of her wedding breakfast for the rest of her life, whilst she plots revenge on all men. She hates he spinster state, which suggests Duffys choice of name for the poem, and suggests at the themes of loss, breakdown, jealousy and revenge. This essay will explore how time is presented as a destructive force and how effectively Duffy make use of it through various poetic techniques. Through Duffys use of imagery, the destructive force of time begins to be revelled to the reader. Havisham has become so filled with hatred for men, after what her fiance did to her she wants to take revenge: Prayed for it so hard Ive dark green pebbles for eyes, opes on the back of my hands I could strangle with. We will write a custom essay sample on Havisham Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She tells us that she has prayed so hard for it (with her eyes closed and her hands together) that her eyes have shrunk and hardened and her hands have sinews strong enough to strangle with, which fits her murderous revenge. Readers who know Dickens novel might think about Miss Havishams ward Estelle at this point whose natural mother, Molly, has strangled a rival and has unusually strong hands. This brings forward the image of hardness and cruelty, as Havisham has become trapped with obsession: thinking, praying and waiting for her fiance. The green has connotations of her envy and jealousy and reflects her thoughts and treatment of married women. Her eyes being like pebbles has connotations of a resistance and stone, and also suggests that Havishams eyes are stone cold and heart has turned to a hard stone, that no longer feels any emotion. This shows how time has not only aged her but has also left her broken and seeking a revenge that will never come. Through Duffys use of imagery, we begin to get a deepened sense of understanding towards Havishams situation, but also how time is eading to her breakdown and beginning to destroy her. Duffys use of word choice and sound, the destructive force of time is further revealed to the reader. Havisham has never changed out of her wedding dress and spends her days in bed, sc reaming at the walls which surround her, I stink and remember. Whole days/in bed cawing Nooooo at the wall. Havisham is aware of her own smell, not just the stink of her unwashed body, but also of the stench of the terrible things that have happened to her. She stays in bed and screams in denial. The setting of her bed portrays how time has destroyed her as she has become so weak she cannot get out of bed. The word choice of cawing gives the impression Duffy is comparing the noise Havisham is making to the noise a crow makes, suggesting Havishams cries are annoying yet constant similar to that of a crow. It could also be suggested that if a male crow leaves or dies, the female will never take another mate, suggesting Havishams spinster state and creates a reason behind her jealousy and revenge. The word choice of Nooooo emphasises Havishams grief and despair and how she cannot express her anger and bitterness through proper words. Duffys use of sound and word choice illustrates how time has destroyed Havishams ability to function properly, leading to her physical breakdown. Through Duffys use of word choice we understand how time has led to Havishams mental breakdown and has destroyed her mind. Duffys uses an image to highlight Havishams confused feelings Loves/ hate behind a white veil; a red balloon bursting/ in my face. The enjambment of love emphasises that that love has been personified and that the hate belongs to love. Love enjoys hurting her with the description of the balloon being an oxymoron, as balloons are supposed to be fun but this comes as a shock, ready to spoil her happiness. The red balloon symbolises how fragile love and the heart is and how easily it can burst. The white veil symbolises her wedding and her wedding dress which she is still wearing, and how she is trying to hang onto her fiance. The final line of the poem brings together Duffys ideas of time as a destructive force as Havisham has become a broken Dont think its just the heart that b-b-b-breaks. This sums up the poem, telling us that more than he heart is broken. The very last word comes out in a stutter, showing us her sadness but at the same time her emotional breakdown. This highlights how as time has gone on, she has become more and more broken and damaged, and the poems structure reflects this, and is quite broken apart, which shows her mental state at the time. Through Duffys use of word choice we see how time has been used as a destructive force and has therefore led to Havishams emotional and mental breakdown. To conclude, Havisham becomes weakened physically, emotionally and mentally by time portrayed as a destructive force through Carol Ann Duffys use of word choice, imagery and sound . This poem teaches us about emotional and mental breakdown as well as the nature of loneliness and revenge and it encourages us to think about what we would do, if in a similar situation. Havisham Essay free essay sample Discuss how effectively the poet presents nature or time in this way. Carol Ann Duffys Havisham is a monologue spoken by Charles Dickenss character Miss Havisham from Great Expectations. Jilted by her scheming fiance, Havisham continues to wear her wedding dress and sits amid the remains of her wedding breakfast for the rest of her life, whilst she plots revenge on all men. She hates he spinster state, which suggests Duffys choice of name for the poem, and suggests at the themes of loss, breakdown, jealousy and revenge. This essay will explore how time is presented as a destructive force and how effectively Duffy make use of it through various poetic techniques. Through Duffys use of imagery, the destructive force of time begins to be revelled to the reader. Havisham has become so filled with hatred for men, after what her fiance did to her she wants to take revenge: Prayed for it so hard Ive dark green pebbles for eyes, opes on the back of my hands I could strangle with. We will write a custom essay sample on Havisham Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She tells us that she has prayed so hard for it (with her eyes closed and her hands together) that her eyes have shrunk and hardened and her hands have sinews strong enough to strangle with, which fits her murderous revenge. Readers who know Dickens novel might think about Miss Havishams ward Estelle at this point whose natural mother, Molly, has strangled a rival and has unusually strong hands. This brings forward the image of hardness and cruelty, as Havisham has become trapped with obsession: thinking, praying and waiting for her fiance. The green has connotations of her envy and jealousy and reflects her thoughts and treatment of married women. Her eyes being like pebbles has connotations of a resistance and stone, and also suggests that Havishams eyes are stone cold and heart has turned to a hard stone, that no longer feels any emotion. This shows how time has not only aged her but has also left her broken and seeking a revenge that will never come. Through Duffys use of imagery, we begin to get a deepened sense of understanding towards Havishams situation, but also how time is eading to her breakdown and beginning to destroy her. Duffys use of word choice and sound, the destructive force of time is further revealed to the reader. Havisham has never changed out of her wedding dress and spends her days in bed, sc reaming at the walls which surround her, I stink and remember. Whole days/in bed cawing Nooooo at the wall. Havisham is aware of her own smell, not just the stink of her unwashed body, but also of the sten ch of the terrible things that have happened to her. She stays in bed and screams in denial. The setting of her bed portrays how time has destroyed her as she has become so weak she cannot get out of bed. The word choice of cawing gives the impression Duffy is comparing the noise Havisham is making to the noise a crow makes, suggesting Havishams cries are annoying yet constant similar to that of a crow. It could also be suggested that if a male crow leaves or dies, the female will never take another mate, suggesting Havishams spinster state and creates a reason behind her jealousy and revenge. The word choice of Nooooo emphasises Havishams grief and despair and how she cannot express her anger and bitterness through proper words. Duffys use of sound and word choice illustrates how time has destroyed Havishams ability to function properly, leading to her physical breakdown. Through Duffys use of word choice we understand how time has led to Havishams mental breakdown and has destroyed her mind. Duffys uses an image to highlight Havishams confused feelings Loves/ hate behind a white veil; a red balloon bursting/ in my face. The enjambment of love emphasises that that love has been personified and that the hate belongs to love. Love enjoys hurting her with the description of the balloon being an oxymoron, as balloons are supposed to be fun but this comes as a shock, ready to spoil her happiness. The red balloon symbolises how fragile love and the heart is and how easily it can burst. The white veil symbolises her wedding and her wedding dress which she is still wearing, and how she is trying to hang onto her fiance. The final line of the poem brings together Duffys ideas of time as a destructive force as Havisham has become a broken Dont think its just the heart that b-b-b-breaks. This sums up the poem, telling us that more than he heart is broken. The very last word comes out in a stutter, showing us her sadness but at the same time her emotional breakdown. This highlights how as time has gone on, she has become more and more broken and damaged, and the poems structure reflects this, and is quite broken apart, which shows her mental state at the time. Through Duffys use of word choice we see how time has been used as a destructive force and has therefore led to Havishams emotional and mental breakdown. To conclude, Havisham becomes weakened physically, emotionally and mentally by time portrayed as a destructive force through Carol Ann Duffys use of word choice, imagery and sound . This poem teaches us about emotional and mental breakdown as well as the nature of loneliness and revenge and it encourages us to think about what we would do, if in a similar situation.

Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule Essay Example

Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule Essay Example Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule Essay Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule Essay Introduction Melatonin ( N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine ) is a omnipresent molecule, synthesised chiefly in the pineal secretory organ, secondary beginnings are in the retina, the GI piece of land, tegument, bone marrow and lymphocytes.1 It was foremost characterised after its isolation from bovid pineal secretory organs and structurally identified in 1958 by Lerner et al.2 The construction of melatonin ( Fig. 1 ) explains its diverseness with respects to its maps. The two functional groups define the molecule s amphiphilitic nature and specificity of receptor binding.3 Due to melatonin being both lipid and H2O soluble, it is non confined to one cellular compartment. Exogenously added melatonin can readily go through through the blood-brain barrier and be easy distributed to all subcellular compartments, which makes this molecule really versatile.4 Melatonin has assorted maps ; it is of import as an index of clip and day of the month and is considered to be the organic structure s chronological pacemaker.1 It is besides known to be a really effectual antioxidant, has immune-enhancing belongingss, is cytoprotective, has anti-apoptotic signalling map every bit good as oncostatic properties.1 The engagement of melatonin in such a wide scope of critical maps in the organic structure makes it pharmacologically a really interesting compound, but melatonin is sold as a nutrient addendum and is non-patentable harmonizing to the US FDA as a consequence. Therefore melatonergic agonists or melatonin parallels that are patentable are of greater involvement to the pharmacological industry.5 Pharmacological and/or biological activity Overview In pinealocytes ( cells of the pineal secretory organ ) tryptophan is converted to serotonin via 5-hydroxytryptophan after which it is acetylated to organize N-acetylserotonin by arylakylamine N-acetyltransferase ( AA-NAT ) . By the action of Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase ( HIOMT ) N-Acetylserotonin can be converted to melatonin.1 Alternatively, melatonin can be formed by N-acetylation of 5-methoxytryptamine. In most articles AA-NAT is said to be the rate-limiting enzyme3,7,8, but it is suggested that HIOMT might be a rate restricting enzyme in some cases6. Melatonin biogenesis is mostly regulated by the light/dark rhythm via the suprachiasmatic karyon ( SCN ) in the hypothalamus. Specialized nerve cells in the eyes respond to visible radiation and reassign the message to the SCN. The message is transduced in a roundabout tract to the pineal secretory organ. Melatonin synthesis is triggered by darkness. Norepinephrine is secreted during nighttime and twosomes to beta-adrenergic receptors. This consequences in camp formation and finally stimulation of arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase ( AA-NAT ) .7 Extrapineal melatonin is non regulated by circadian beat, nevertheless and it is hypothesised that it is produced as a agency of protection in response to certain stressors, eg. Ultraviolet radiation, pollutants, infections etc. that may ensue in oxidative emphasis or inflammation.6 Go arounding melatonin is chiefly metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP1A2, CYP1A1 and CYP2C19 in the liver or CYP1B1 at extrahepatic sites.6 Resulting 6-hydroxymelatonin by CYP1A, CYP1A2 or CYP1B1 can be conjugated with sulphate ( and glucoronide to a lesser extent ) to organize a more hydrophilic compound, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin ( aMT6S ) , which can be excreted in piss by the kidney.1 CYP2C19 or CYP1A2 are cytochromes involved in the demethylation of melatonin to N-acetylserotonin. 6-Hydroxymelatonin is non merely formed through enzymatic agencies as stated above, but besides through the interaction of melatonin with reactive O species ( ROS ) and reactive N species ( RNS ) .6 Melatonin has the ability to neutralize free groups, ROS and RNS every bit good as stimulate antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) and glutathione reductase ( GSH-Rd ) .4,9 Other metabolites of melatonin include 2-hydroxymelatonin, which is postulated to be a merchandise of melatonin s reaction with ROS/RNS,6 every bit good as cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin ( C3-OHM ) , N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine ( AFMK ) and N-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine ( AMK ) . The parent endocrine, melatonin, and its metabolites are of import in protecting cells from harm by free groups and reactive O and reactive N species. Melatonin metamorphosis by cytochrome P450 enzymes Pineal melatonin is metabolized to 6-hydroxymelatonin chiefly and it was found that CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 and CYP2C19 are the enzymes responsible for the production of this metabolite.1,6,10 Melatonin can besides be converted into N-acetylserotonin which is besides a precursor for its synthesis ( fig.1 ) 1. Both 6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin can be excreted in the piss after junction with sulfate and/or glucoronide. A survey conducted by Facciola et Al. ( 2001 ) 11 determined CYP1A2 to be the chief cytochrome P450 enzyme responsible for 6-hydroxylation of melatonin. In a survey that was conducted by Ma et Al. ( 2005 ) 10, melatonin 6-hydroxylation and O-demethylation rates were measured to measure the possible function of 11 cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes in melatonin metamorphosis ( figure 2 ) 10. It was found that 6-hydroxylation was chiefly carried out by CYP1A2, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 and to a lesser extent CYP2C19 ( fig.2 A ) wherease O-demethylation occurred about chiefly due to the action of CYP2C19 and to a minimal grade by CYP1A2 ( fig.2 B ) . Inhibitory action of melatonin on human cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 In a recent survey by Chang et Al. ( 2010 ) 12 the hypothesis that melatonin inhibits catalytic activity of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 along with CYP2A6 was tested, along with its consequence on the change of human CYP1 cistron look and on the activity of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor ( AhR ) . A important consequence could turn out utile during malignant neoplastic disease therapy since these enzymes were found to be procarcinogen-bioactivating enzymes of benzo [ a ] pyrene or 7,12-dimethyl-benz [ a ] anthracene. Inhibition of look or decrease in catalytic activity of these cytochrome P450 isozymes may cut down the production of carcinogenic metabolites from these substrates. As described in the old subdivision, melatonin is metabolised by CYPs 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1. Therefore, its repressive consequence may be due to it viing with the procarcinogenic substrate for the enzymes active sites, although the exact mechanism of suppression is ill-defined. The survey mentioned that endogenous melatonin does non exercise repressive effects and resultingly a pharmacological potency in developing parallels of melatonin that could potentially suppress these enzymes and prevent CYP1 mediated carcinogenesis is created.12 Activity of melatonin with AhR and melatonin s consequence on CYP1 cistron look was found to be undistinguished. Fluvoxamine and melatonin Fluvoxamine ( FLU ) , an antidepressant, was found to increase serum melatonin degrees and a survey was conducted by von Bahr et Al. ( 2000 ) 13 to find whether citalopram ( CIT ) besides affects these degrees. The article concluded that CIT in fact does non hold the same consequence as FLU does. It did nevertheless set up a clear relationship between the degrees of melatonin and concentrations of FLU in the plasma of the subjects.13 FLU is an inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 and thereby prevents these enzymes from metabolizing melatonin into its metabolites ; resultantly an addition in the degrees of serum melatonin was witnessed. Melatonin as a free extremist scavenger and antioxidant Melatonin and its metabolites have the possible to move as free extremist scavengers and can neutralize reactive O species ( ROS ) and reactive N species ( RNS ) every bit good as up-regulate antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) and glutathione reductase ( GSH-Rd ) .4 The free extremist dioxide ( O2- ) can be generated due to cellular respiration, due to environmental factors or oxidative explosion of macrophages. The toxicity of the O2- is considered to be low 9 but if it reacts with azotic oxide ( NO ) it can bring forth ONOO- capable of making molecular harm. SOD converts dioxide to hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) which is non genuinely a free group, but if non catabolised to organize H2O and O2 via CAT or to H2O via GSH-Px, can be metabolised to the highly toxic hydroxyl extremist ( OH ) . As can be seen in the figure, this free group can bring on DNA harm, lipid peroxidation or make harm to proteins. Melatonin can be converted into a metabolite cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin when it reacts with two hydroxyl groups, which has been found to be excreted in the urine.1,9 An AFMK tract ( figure 5 ) 1 besides exists that is evident capable of scavenging up to 10 ROS/RNS.6 AFMK and AMK are powerful free extremist scavengers and defenders against oxidative emphasis, but besides has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects by suppressing tumour mortification factor-alpha ( TNFa ) and interleukin-8 formation ( IL-8 ) and synthesis of prostaglandins.6 The chief metabolite of melatonin, 6-hydroxymelatonin, can besides be generated in melatonin s reaction with ROS/RNS, every bit good as another melatonin metabolite, 2-hydroxymelatonin.6 Melatonin and its chronobiotic effects Melatonin is a major regulator of the circadian beat and acts via the suprachiasmatic karyon ( SCN ) in the hypothalamus. Melatonin acts through MT1 and MT2 receptors in the SCN and MT1 is associated with repressive effects of electrical activity in SCN nerve cells, whereas melatonin s actions on MT2 are involved with the ordinance of the circadian rhythm.5 Melatonin synthesis extremums during the dark stage and is inhibited by visible radiation. Exogenous melatonin disposal at certain clip periods consequences in displacements in the circadian beat. It is hence considered to be utile in the intervention of jet slowdown and in publicity of reposeful slumber, although melatonin is likely non a direct hypnotic.7 Decision Melatonin is a compound with so many diverse maps in the organic structure, for illustration its regulative function in circadian beat, antioxidant and oncostatic belongingss. This compound is of pharmacological significance, but is besides sold amp ; lsquo ; over the counter A ; rsquo ; as a nutrient addendum and is resultantly non patentable. This restricts pharmacological involvement to a certain extent, although the development of melatonin parallels that are more efficient in its capableness to exercise these maps, for illustration increased half life with retension of consequence, may be of important value for research workers and the pharmaceutical industry. Melatonin is besides involved in the protection against neurodegenerative diseases, depression and immune map. There is no uncertainty as to how of import melatonin is with respects to physiological operation is in populating beings. It is critical for our perceptual experience of clip and day of the month and is protects us from risky environmental agents every bit good as from ourselves ( eg, the free groups produced via natural O metamorphosis with which we can non be without ) . More research into the mechanisms by which melatonin exerts its antioxidant effects and how extrapineal melatonin can be induced or inhibited every bit good as drug-drug interactions would be of great benefit when developing curative schemes in the combat of diseases, such as Alzheimer s Disease, Parkinson s Disease, insomnia, diseases of the immune system, malignant neoplastic disease and many more. Mentions Pandi-Perumal et Al. Melatonin: Nature s most various biological signal Lerner A.B. , Case J.D. , Takahashi Y ( 1958 ) Isolation of melatonin, a pineal factor that lightens melanocytes. J.Am.Chem.Soc. 80: 2587 Hardeland R. , Pandi-Perumal S.R. , Cardinali D.P. ( 2006 ) Molecules in focal point: Melatonin. The International Journal of Biochemistry A ; Cell Biology 38: 313-316 Reiter R.J. ( 1995 ) Oxidative Procedures and Antioxidative defence mechanisms in the aging encephalon. FASEB J. 9: 526-533 Pandi-Perumal S.R. , Srinivasan V. , Poeggeler B. , Hardeland R. ( 2007 ) Drug penetration: usage of melatonergic agonists for intervention of insomnia focal point on ramelteon. Nature Clinical Practice Tan et. Al ( 2007 ) One molecule, many derived functions: A ceaseless interaction of melatonin with reactive O and N species Reiter R.J. ( 2003 ) Melatonin: clinical relevancy Best Practice A ; Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol. 17, No.2. pp. 273-285 Claustrat et. Al ( 2005 ) The basic physiology and pathophysiology of melatonin Sleep Medicine Reviews 9: 11-24 Reiter R.J. et Al ( 2000 ) Actions of Melatonin in the Reduction of Oxidative Stress. J.Biomed.Sci 7: 444-458 Ma. et Al ( 2005 ) Metamorphosis of melatonin by human cytochromes P450 DMD 33: 489-494 Facciola et. Al ( 2001 ) Cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in melatonin metamorphosis in humanliver microsomes Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56: 881-888 Chang et Al. ( 2010 ) Inhibition of procarcinogen-bioactivating human CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 enzymes by melatonin J. Pineal Res. 48: 55-64 von Bahr et Al. ( 2000 ) Fluvoxamine but non citalopram additions serum melatonin in healthy topics an indicant that cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 hydroxylate melatonin

Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Magners has a lot of strong competitors in the cider market. Most of these competitors have existed for decades now. During the early 1990s, Diamond White and Max were a major rage all over. This was before alcopops took over and nudged traditional drinks on a corner. During the 1960s and 1970s, pear cider gained a lot of popularity. This was a result of the marketing campaign by Baby champ. The industry continues to grow and has grown its set of competitors in the market over the years. The industry is of the view that the current renaissance will take the somewhere. Some major set of competitors include Scottish, Newcastle and Constellation Europe. They have spent a lot of moolah on promotional campaigns and advertisements to promote Cider. What remains to be seen is to what extend will each of these big wigs fare in the market. When Magner was launched initially, it was perceived as a drink for teenagers and park benchers. Since then it has gone through a makeover. They have come up with various ways to promote their brand. Most notably by lowering the alcoholic content in the bottle, serving it chilled and by launching a 30 million advertising campaign. Magner soon regained its position via this and grew by 33 %. Rivals did not rest low. They were quick to react as they saw potential in the cider market. Magner’s success thus paved way for a huge influx of other brands. Scottish and New Castle as mentioned earlier were quick to re-launch their Bulmer’s. They were all over the market and Bulmer’s had a massive marketing campaign wherein its packaging was identical to that of Magners.