Havisham Essay free essay sample

Discuss how effectively the poet presents nature or time in this way. Carol Ann Duffys Havisham is a monologue spoken by Charles Dickenss character Miss Havisham from Great Expectations. Jilted by her scheming fiance, Havisham continues to wear her wedding dress and sits amid the remains of her wedding breakfast for the rest of her life, whilst she plots revenge on all men. She hates he spinster state, which suggests Duffys choice of name for the poem, and suggests at the themes of loss, breakdown, jealousy and revenge. This essay will explore how time is presented as a destructive force and how effectively Duffy make use of it through various poetic techniques. Through Duffys use of imagery, the destructive force of time begins to be revelled to the reader. Havisham has become so filled with hatred for men, after what her fiance did to her she wants to take revenge: Prayed for it so hard Ive dark green pebbles for eyes, opes on the back of my hands I could strangle with. We will write a custom essay sample on Havisham Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She tells us that she has prayed so hard for it (with her eyes closed and her hands together) that her eyes have shrunk and hardened and her hands have sinews strong enough to strangle with, which fits her murderous revenge. Readers who know Dickens novel might think about Miss Havishams ward Estelle at this point whose natural mother, Molly, has strangled a rival and has unusually strong hands. This brings forward the image of hardness and cruelty, as Havisham has become trapped with obsession: thinking, praying and waiting for her fiance. The green has connotations of her envy and jealousy and reflects her thoughts and treatment of married women. Her eyes being like pebbles has connotations of a resistance and stone, and also suggests that Havishams eyes are stone cold and heart has turned to a hard stone, that no longer feels any emotion. This shows how time has not only aged her but has also left her broken and seeking a revenge that will never come. Through Duffys use of imagery, we begin to get a deepened sense of understanding towards Havishams situation, but also how time is eading to her breakdown and beginning to destroy her. Duffys use of word choice and sound, the destructive force of time is further revealed to the reader. Havisham has never changed out of her wedding dress and spends her days in bed, sc reaming at the walls which surround her, I stink and remember. Whole days/in bed cawing Nooooo at the wall. Havisham is aware of her own smell, not just the stink of her unwashed body, but also of the stench of the terrible things that have happened to her. She stays in bed and screams in denial. The setting of her bed portrays how time has destroyed her as she has become so weak she cannot get out of bed. The word choice of cawing gives the impression Duffy is comparing the noise Havisham is making to the noise a crow makes, suggesting Havishams cries are annoying yet constant similar to that of a crow. It could also be suggested that if a male crow leaves or dies, the female will never take another mate, suggesting Havishams spinster state and creates a reason behind her jealousy and revenge. The word choice of Nooooo emphasises Havishams grief and despair and how she cannot express her anger and bitterness through proper words. Duffys use of sound and word choice illustrates how time has destroyed Havishams ability to function properly, leading to her physical breakdown. Through Duffys use of word choice we understand how time has led to Havishams mental breakdown and has destroyed her mind. Duffys uses an image to highlight Havishams confused feelings Loves/ hate behind a white veil; a red balloon bursting/ in my face. The enjambment of love emphasises that that love has been personified and that the hate belongs to love. Love enjoys hurting her with the description of the balloon being an oxymoron, as balloons are supposed to be fun but this comes as a shock, ready to spoil her happiness. The red balloon symbolises how fragile love and the heart is and how easily it can burst. The white veil symbolises her wedding and her wedding dress which she is still wearing, and how she is trying to hang onto her fiance. The final line of the poem brings together Duffys ideas of time as a destructive force as Havisham has become a broken Dont think its just the heart that b-b-b-breaks. This sums up the poem, telling us that more than he heart is broken. The very last word comes out in a stutter, showing us her sadness but at the same time her emotional breakdown. This highlights how as time has gone on, she has become more and more broken and damaged, and the poems structure reflects this, and is quite broken apart, which shows her mental state at the time. Through Duffys use of word choice we see how time has been used as a destructive force and has therefore led to Havishams emotional and mental breakdown. To conclude, Havisham becomes weakened physically, emotionally and mentally by time portrayed as a destructive force through Carol Ann Duffys use of word choice, imagery and sound . This poem teaches us about emotional and mental breakdown as well as the nature of loneliness and revenge and it encourages us to think about what we would do, if in a similar situation. Havisham Essay free essay sample Discuss how effectively the poet presents nature or time in this way. Carol Ann Duffys Havisham is a monologue spoken by Charles Dickenss character Miss Havisham from Great Expectations. Jilted by her scheming fiance, Havisham continues to wear her wedding dress and sits amid the remains of her wedding breakfast for the rest of her life, whilst she plots revenge on all men. She hates he spinster state, which suggests Duffys choice of name for the poem, and suggests at the themes of loss, breakdown, jealousy and revenge. This essay will explore how time is presented as a destructive force and how effectively Duffy make use of it through various poetic techniques. Through Duffys use of imagery, the destructive force of time begins to be revelled to the reader. Havisham has become so filled with hatred for men, after what her fiance did to her she wants to take revenge: Prayed for it so hard Ive dark green pebbles for eyes, opes on the back of my hands I could strangle with. We will write a custom essay sample on Havisham Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She tells us that she has prayed so hard for it (with her eyes closed and her hands together) that her eyes have shrunk and hardened and her hands have sinews strong enough to strangle with, which fits her murderous revenge. Readers who know Dickens novel might think about Miss Havishams ward Estelle at this point whose natural mother, Molly, has strangled a rival and has unusually strong hands. This brings forward the image of hardness and cruelty, as Havisham has become trapped with obsession: thinking, praying and waiting for her fiance. The green has connotations of her envy and jealousy and reflects her thoughts and treatment of married women. Her eyes being like pebbles has connotations of a resistance and stone, and also suggests that Havishams eyes are stone cold and heart has turned to a hard stone, that no longer feels any emotion. This shows how time has not only aged her but has also left her broken and seeking a revenge that will never come. Through Duffys use of imagery, we begin to get a deepened sense of understanding towards Havishams situation, but also how time is eading to her breakdown and beginning to destroy her. Duffys use of word choice and sound, the destructive force of time is further revealed to the reader. Havisham has never changed out of her wedding dress and spends her days in bed, sc reaming at the walls which surround her, I stink and remember. Whole days/in bed cawing Nooooo at the wall. Havisham is aware of her own smell, not just the stink of her unwashed body, but also of the sten ch of the terrible things that have happened to her. She stays in bed and screams in denial. The setting of her bed portrays how time has destroyed her as she has become so weak she cannot get out of bed. The word choice of cawing gives the impression Duffy is comparing the noise Havisham is making to the noise a crow makes, suggesting Havishams cries are annoying yet constant similar to that of a crow. It could also be suggested that if a male crow leaves or dies, the female will never take another mate, suggesting Havishams spinster state and creates a reason behind her jealousy and revenge. The word choice of Nooooo emphasises Havishams grief and despair and how she cannot express her anger and bitterness through proper words. Duffys use of sound and word choice illustrates how time has destroyed Havishams ability to function properly, leading to her physical breakdown. Through Duffys use of word choice we understand how time has led to Havishams mental breakdown and has destroyed her mind. Duffys uses an image to highlight Havishams confused feelings Loves/ hate behind a white veil; a red balloon bursting/ in my face. The enjambment of love emphasises that that love has been personified and that the hate belongs to love. Love enjoys hurting her with the description of the balloon being an oxymoron, as balloons are supposed to be fun but this comes as a shock, ready to spoil her happiness. The red balloon symbolises how fragile love and the heart is and how easily it can burst. The white veil symbolises her wedding and her wedding dress which she is still wearing, and how she is trying to hang onto her fiance. The final line of the poem brings together Duffys ideas of time as a destructive force as Havisham has become a broken Dont think its just the heart that b-b-b-breaks. This sums up the poem, telling us that more than he heart is broken. The very last word comes out in a stutter, showing us her sadness but at the same time her emotional breakdown. This highlights how as time has gone on, she has become more and more broken and damaged, and the poems structure reflects this, and is quite broken apart, which shows her mental state at the time. Through Duffys use of word choice we see how time has been used as a destructive force and has therefore led to Havishams emotional and mental breakdown. To conclude, Havisham becomes weakened physically, emotionally and mentally by time portrayed as a destructive force through Carol Ann Duffys use of word choice, imagery and sound . This poem teaches us about emotional and mental breakdown as well as the nature of loneliness and revenge and it encourages us to think about what we would do, if in a similar situation.

Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule Essay Example

Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule Essay Example Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule Essay Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule Essay Introduction Melatonin ( N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine ) is a omnipresent molecule, synthesised chiefly in the pineal secretory organ, secondary beginnings are in the retina, the GI piece of land, tegument, bone marrow and lymphocytes.1 It was foremost characterised after its isolation from bovid pineal secretory organs and structurally identified in 1958 by Lerner et al.2 The construction of melatonin ( Fig. 1 ) explains its diverseness with respects to its maps. The two functional groups define the molecule s amphiphilitic nature and specificity of receptor binding.3 Due to melatonin being both lipid and H2O soluble, it is non confined to one cellular compartment. Exogenously added melatonin can readily go through through the blood-brain barrier and be easy distributed to all subcellular compartments, which makes this molecule really versatile.4 Melatonin has assorted maps ; it is of import as an index of clip and day of the month and is considered to be the organic structure s chronological pacemaker.1 It is besides known to be a really effectual antioxidant, has immune-enhancing belongingss, is cytoprotective, has anti-apoptotic signalling map every bit good as oncostatic properties.1 The engagement of melatonin in such a wide scope of critical maps in the organic structure makes it pharmacologically a really interesting compound, but melatonin is sold as a nutrient addendum and is non-patentable harmonizing to the US FDA as a consequence. Therefore melatonergic agonists or melatonin parallels that are patentable are of greater involvement to the pharmacological industry.5 Pharmacological and/or biological activity Overview In pinealocytes ( cells of the pineal secretory organ ) tryptophan is converted to serotonin via 5-hydroxytryptophan after which it is acetylated to organize N-acetylserotonin by arylakylamine N-acetyltransferase ( AA-NAT ) . By the action of Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase ( HIOMT ) N-Acetylserotonin can be converted to melatonin.1 Alternatively, melatonin can be formed by N-acetylation of 5-methoxytryptamine. In most articles AA-NAT is said to be the rate-limiting enzyme3,7,8, but it is suggested that HIOMT might be a rate restricting enzyme in some cases6. Melatonin biogenesis is mostly regulated by the light/dark rhythm via the suprachiasmatic karyon ( SCN ) in the hypothalamus. Specialized nerve cells in the eyes respond to visible radiation and reassign the message to the SCN. The message is transduced in a roundabout tract to the pineal secretory organ. Melatonin synthesis is triggered by darkness. Norepinephrine is secreted during nighttime and twosomes to beta-adrenergic receptors. This consequences in camp formation and finally stimulation of arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase ( AA-NAT ) .7 Extrapineal melatonin is non regulated by circadian beat, nevertheless and it is hypothesised that it is produced as a agency of protection in response to certain stressors, eg. Ultraviolet radiation, pollutants, infections etc. that may ensue in oxidative emphasis or inflammation.6 Go arounding melatonin is chiefly metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP1A2, CYP1A1 and CYP2C19 in the liver or CYP1B1 at extrahepatic sites.6 Resulting 6-hydroxymelatonin by CYP1A, CYP1A2 or CYP1B1 can be conjugated with sulphate ( and glucoronide to a lesser extent ) to organize a more hydrophilic compound, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin ( aMT6S ) , which can be excreted in piss by the kidney.1 CYP2C19 or CYP1A2 are cytochromes involved in the demethylation of melatonin to N-acetylserotonin. 6-Hydroxymelatonin is non merely formed through enzymatic agencies as stated above, but besides through the interaction of melatonin with reactive O species ( ROS ) and reactive N species ( RNS ) .6 Melatonin has the ability to neutralize free groups, ROS and RNS every bit good as stimulate antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) and glutathione reductase ( GSH-Rd ) .4,9 Other metabolites of melatonin include 2-hydroxymelatonin, which is postulated to be a merchandise of melatonin s reaction with ROS/RNS,6 every bit good as cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin ( C3-OHM ) , N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine ( AFMK ) and N-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine ( AMK ) . The parent endocrine, melatonin, and its metabolites are of import in protecting cells from harm by free groups and reactive O and reactive N species. Melatonin metamorphosis by cytochrome P450 enzymes Pineal melatonin is metabolized to 6-hydroxymelatonin chiefly and it was found that CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 and CYP2C19 are the enzymes responsible for the production of this metabolite.1,6,10 Melatonin can besides be converted into N-acetylserotonin which is besides a precursor for its synthesis ( fig.1 ) 1. Both 6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin can be excreted in the piss after junction with sulfate and/or glucoronide. A survey conducted by Facciola et Al. ( 2001 ) 11 determined CYP1A2 to be the chief cytochrome P450 enzyme responsible for 6-hydroxylation of melatonin. In a survey that was conducted by Ma et Al. ( 2005 ) 10, melatonin 6-hydroxylation and O-demethylation rates were measured to measure the possible function of 11 cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 enzymes in melatonin metamorphosis ( figure 2 ) 10. It was found that 6-hydroxylation was chiefly carried out by CYP1A2, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 and to a lesser extent CYP2C19 ( fig.2 A ) wherease O-demethylation occurred about chiefly due to the action of CYP2C19 and to a minimal grade by CYP1A2 ( fig.2 B ) . Inhibitory action of melatonin on human cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 In a recent survey by Chang et Al. ( 2010 ) 12 the hypothesis that melatonin inhibits catalytic activity of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 along with CYP2A6 was tested, along with its consequence on the change of human CYP1 cistron look and on the activity of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor ( AhR ) . A important consequence could turn out utile during malignant neoplastic disease therapy since these enzymes were found to be procarcinogen-bioactivating enzymes of benzo [ a ] pyrene or 7,12-dimethyl-benz [ a ] anthracene. Inhibition of look or decrease in catalytic activity of these cytochrome P450 isozymes may cut down the production of carcinogenic metabolites from these substrates. As described in the old subdivision, melatonin is metabolised by CYPs 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1. Therefore, its repressive consequence may be due to it viing with the procarcinogenic substrate for the enzymes active sites, although the exact mechanism of suppression is ill-defined. The survey mentioned that endogenous melatonin does non exercise repressive effects and resultingly a pharmacological potency in developing parallels of melatonin that could potentially suppress these enzymes and prevent CYP1 mediated carcinogenesis is created.12 Activity of melatonin with AhR and melatonin s consequence on CYP1 cistron look was found to be undistinguished. Fluvoxamine and melatonin Fluvoxamine ( FLU ) , an antidepressant, was found to increase serum melatonin degrees and a survey was conducted by von Bahr et Al. ( 2000 ) 13 to find whether citalopram ( CIT ) besides affects these degrees. The article concluded that CIT in fact does non hold the same consequence as FLU does. It did nevertheless set up a clear relationship between the degrees of melatonin and concentrations of FLU in the plasma of the subjects.13 FLU is an inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 and thereby prevents these enzymes from metabolizing melatonin into its metabolites ; resultantly an addition in the degrees of serum melatonin was witnessed. Melatonin as a free extremist scavenger and antioxidant Melatonin and its metabolites have the possible to move as free extremist scavengers and can neutralize reactive O species ( ROS ) and reactive N species ( RNS ) every bit good as up-regulate antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) and glutathione reductase ( GSH-Rd ) .4 The free extremist dioxide ( O2- ) can be generated due to cellular respiration, due to environmental factors or oxidative explosion of macrophages. The toxicity of the O2- is considered to be low 9 but if it reacts with azotic oxide ( NO ) it can bring forth ONOO- capable of making molecular harm. SOD converts dioxide to hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) which is non genuinely a free group, but if non catabolised to organize H2O and O2 via CAT or to H2O via GSH-Px, can be metabolised to the highly toxic hydroxyl extremist ( OH ) . As can be seen in the figure, this free group can bring on DNA harm, lipid peroxidation or make harm to proteins. Melatonin can be converted into a metabolite cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin when it reacts with two hydroxyl groups, which has been found to be excreted in the urine.1,9 An AFMK tract ( figure 5 ) 1 besides exists that is evident capable of scavenging up to 10 ROS/RNS.6 AFMK and AMK are powerful free extremist scavengers and defenders against oxidative emphasis, but besides has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects by suppressing tumour mortification factor-alpha ( TNFa ) and interleukin-8 formation ( IL-8 ) and synthesis of prostaglandins.6 The chief metabolite of melatonin, 6-hydroxymelatonin, can besides be generated in melatonin s reaction with ROS/RNS, every bit good as another melatonin metabolite, 2-hydroxymelatonin.6 Melatonin and its chronobiotic effects Melatonin is a major regulator of the circadian beat and acts via the suprachiasmatic karyon ( SCN ) in the hypothalamus. Melatonin acts through MT1 and MT2 receptors in the SCN and MT1 is associated with repressive effects of electrical activity in SCN nerve cells, whereas melatonin s actions on MT2 are involved with the ordinance of the circadian rhythm.5 Melatonin synthesis extremums during the dark stage and is inhibited by visible radiation. Exogenous melatonin disposal at certain clip periods consequences in displacements in the circadian beat. It is hence considered to be utile in the intervention of jet slowdown and in publicity of reposeful slumber, although melatonin is likely non a direct hypnotic.7 Decision Melatonin is a compound with so many diverse maps in the organic structure, for illustration its regulative function in circadian beat, antioxidant and oncostatic belongingss. This compound is of pharmacological significance, but is besides sold amp ; lsquo ; over the counter A ; rsquo ; as a nutrient addendum and is resultantly non patentable. This restricts pharmacological involvement to a certain extent, although the development of melatonin parallels that are more efficient in its capableness to exercise these maps, for illustration increased half life with retension of consequence, may be of important value for research workers and the pharmaceutical industry. Melatonin is besides involved in the protection against neurodegenerative diseases, depression and immune map. There is no uncertainty as to how of import melatonin is with respects to physiological operation is in populating beings. It is critical for our perceptual experience of clip and day of the month and is protects us from risky environmental agents every bit good as from ourselves ( eg, the free groups produced via natural O metamorphosis with which we can non be without ) . More research into the mechanisms by which melatonin exerts its antioxidant effects and how extrapineal melatonin can be induced or inhibited every bit good as drug-drug interactions would be of great benefit when developing curative schemes in the combat of diseases, such as Alzheimer s Disease, Parkinson s Disease, insomnia, diseases of the immune system, malignant neoplastic disease and many more. Mentions Pandi-Perumal et Al. Melatonin: Nature s most various biological signal Lerner A.B. , Case J.D. , Takahashi Y ( 1958 ) Isolation of melatonin, a pineal factor that lightens melanocytes. J.Am.Chem.Soc. 80: 2587 Hardeland R. , Pandi-Perumal S.R. , Cardinali D.P. ( 2006 ) Molecules in focal point: Melatonin. The International Journal of Biochemistry A ; Cell Biology 38: 313-316 Reiter R.J. ( 1995 ) Oxidative Procedures and Antioxidative defence mechanisms in the aging encephalon. FASEB J. 9: 526-533 Pandi-Perumal S.R. , Srinivasan V. , Poeggeler B. , Hardeland R. ( 2007 ) Drug penetration: usage of melatonergic agonists for intervention of insomnia focal point on ramelteon. Nature Clinical Practice Tan et. Al ( 2007 ) One molecule, many derived functions: A ceaseless interaction of melatonin with reactive O and N species Reiter R.J. ( 2003 ) Melatonin: clinical relevancy Best Practice A ; Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol. 17, No.2. pp. 273-285 Claustrat et. Al ( 2005 ) The basic physiology and pathophysiology of melatonin Sleep Medicine Reviews 9: 11-24 Reiter R.J. et Al ( 2000 ) Actions of Melatonin in the Reduction of Oxidative Stress. J.Biomed.Sci 7: 444-458 Ma. et Al ( 2005 ) Metamorphosis of melatonin by human cytochromes P450 DMD 33: 489-494 Facciola et. Al ( 2001 ) Cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in melatonin metamorphosis in humanliver microsomes Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56: 881-888 Chang et Al. ( 2010 ) Inhibition of procarcinogen-bioactivating human CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 enzymes by melatonin J. Pineal Res. 48: 55-64 von Bahr et Al. ( 2000 ) Fluvoxamine but non citalopram additions serum melatonin in healthy topics an indicant that cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 hydroxylate melatonin

Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Magners has a lot of strong competitors in the cider market. Most of these competitors have existed for decades now. During the early 1990s, Diamond White and Max were a major rage all over. This was before alcopops took over and nudged traditional drinks on a corner. During the 1960s and 1970s, pear cider gained a lot of popularity. This was a result of the marketing campaign by Baby champ. The industry continues to grow and has grown its set of competitors in the market over the years. The industry is of the view that the current renaissance will take the somewhere. Some major set of competitors include Scottish, Newcastle and Constellation Europe. They have spent a lot of moolah on promotional campaigns and advertisements to promote Cider. What remains to be seen is to what extend will each of these big wigs fare in the market. When Magner was launched initially, it was perceived as a drink for teenagers and park benchers. Since then it has gone through a makeover. They have come up with various ways to promote their brand. Most notably by lowering the alcoholic content in the bottle, serving it chilled and by launching a 30 million advertising campaign. Magner soon regained its position via this and grew by 33 %. Rivals did not rest low. They were quick to react as they saw potential in the cider market. Magner’s success thus paved way for a huge influx of other brands. Scottish and New Castle as mentioned earlier were quick to re-launch their Bulmer’s. They were all over the market and Bulmer’s had a massive marketing campaign wherein its packaging was identical to that of Magners.